Light Therapy

“Light can influence intracellular biochemical and bioelectric pathways”

The effects of this therapeutic modality are still being investigated and an abundance of clinical trials has shown the other possible health benefits to include:

  • Alleviation from psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety

  • Help with neuropathic pain or other chronic pain syndromes

  • Reduction in neurological brain damage after traumatic brain injury

  • Aid in recovery of moderate to severe stroke

  • Healing of infections of skin such as psoriasis, eczema, acne and oral mucositis

  • Bactericidal and fungicidal effects

  • Chronic wound healing

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Dr. Niels Ryberg Finsen, who won the Nobel Prize in 1903 for the use of concentrated light radiation as a therapeutic modality in medicine, began the era of light therapy. The groundwork pioneered by Dr. Finsen was used by Albert Einstein in 1917 to develop and publish the theoretical foundations of laser technologies.

Low-level light therapies, such as light-emitting diodes (LED) and infrared light gained attention in the clinical fields in the late 1980’s, which followed after The National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) interest and funding in the development of NASA LED technologies. This advancement enabled the growth of plants in space away from sunlight by stimulation of energy processes within living cells. A sum of preliminary studies funded by NASA on the therapeutic potential of light therapies in humans followed suit, which to the present day has ensued medical research in the field of low-level light therapies.

Light wavelengths are measured in nanometres (nm), of which the optical window for therapeutic use is between a 600 nm and 1,200 nm. The wavelength of the light, intensity and selective dosing regimen all determine the varying effects light may have on cellular function (inhibition/stimulation). The wavelength will determine the depth of penetration of the light through the skin, whereby near-infrared and infrared light (800-1200 nm) can reach all layers of the skin, blood vessels and reach the lymphatic system. 

 

The stimulatory effect of light can influence intracellular biochemical and bioelectric pathways, due to engagement with photo-sensitive molecules primarily found in the cell’s mitochondria. Ensuing these mechanisms, exposure to light therapies have demonstrated to markedly enhance the regeneration speed of damaged nerve/muscle tissue and increase the rate of capillary formation and collagen synthesis. Thus, in 2002 the FDA approved of 813-nm light therapy for the treatment of pain. 

References

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  • Frangež, Igor, et al. 2018. Phototherapy with LED Shows Promising Results in Healing Chronic Wounds in Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Study. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 36(7):377–382.

  • Landau Z, Migdal M, Lipowsky A, Lubart R. 2011. Visible light-induced healing of diabetic of venous foot ulcers: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Photomed Laser Surg. 29: 399-404.

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  • Merry GF, Munk MR, Dotson RS et al., 2017. Photobiomodulation reduces drusen volume and improves visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in dry age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 95(4):e270-e277.

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  • Ablon, G., 2010. Combination 830-nm and 633-nm Light-Emitting Diode Phototherapy Shows Promise in the Treatment of Recalcitrant Psoriasis: Preliminary Findings. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 28(1), pp.141-146.

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  • Ferraresi C, Beltrame T, Fabrizzi F, Nascimento ES, Karsten M, Francisco CO, et al. 2015. Muscular pre-conditioning using light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) for high-intensity exercise: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with a single elite runner. Physiother Theory Pract. 31:354–61.

  • Leal Junior EC, Lopes-Martins RA, Rossi RP., et al. 2009. Effect of cluster multi-diode light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue and skeletal muscle recovery in humans. Lasers Surg Med. 41:572–7.

  • Bogdanova Y, Martin P, Ho MD, et al. 2014. LED therapy improves sleep and cognition in chronic moderate TBI: pilot case studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 95:e77.

  • Opel DR, Hagstrom E, Pace AK, Sisto K, Hirano-Ali SA, Desai S, et al. 2015. Light-emitting diodes: A brief review and clinical experience. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 8(6):36–44.

  • Ablon G. 2018. Phototherapy with light emitting diodes: Treating a broad range of medical and aesthetic conditions in dermatology. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 11(2):21–27. 

  • Salehpour F, Cassano P, Rouhi N et al., 2019.  Penetration Profiles of Visible and Near-Infrared Lasers and Light-Emitting Diode Light Through the Head Tissues in Animal and Human Species: A Review of Literature. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 37(10):581-595.

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  • Francisco CD, Beltrame T, Hughson RL et al., 2019. Effects of light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on cardiopulmonary and hemodynamic adjustments during aerobic exercise and glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: A randomized, crossover, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complementary therapies in medicine. 42:178-183.

  • Lin YP, Su YH, Chin SF et al., 2020. Light-emitting diode photobiomodulation therapy for non-specific low back pain in working nurses. A single-center double-blind, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Medicine. 99(32).

  • Chen YW, Hsieh O, Chen YA et al., 2020. Randomized controlled clinical effectiveness of adjunct 660-nm light-emitting diode irradiation during non-surgical periodontal therapy. Journal of the Formosan medical association. 119(1):157-163.

  • Maksimovich IV. 2019. Penetration Profiles of Visible and Near-Infrared Lasers and Light-Emitting Diode Light Through the Head Tissues in Animal and Human species: A review of Literature. Photobiomodulation photomedicine and laser surgery. 37(10).

  • Paglioni MD, Arujo ALD, Arboleda LPA et al., 2019. Tumor safety and side effects of photobiomodulation therapy used for prevention and management of cancer treatment toxicities. A systematic review. Oral Oncology. 93:21-28.

  • Tenis CA, Martins MD, Goncalves MLL et al., 2018. Efficacy of diode-emitting diode (LED) photobiomodulation in pain management, facial oedema, trismus, and quality of life after extraction of retained lower third molars: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Medicine. 97(37).

  • Beltrame T, Ferraresi C, Parizotto NA et al., 2018. Light-emitting diode therapy (photobiomodulation) effects on oxygen uptake and cardiac output dynamics during moderate exercise transitions: a randomized, crossover, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. Lasers in Medical Sciences. 33(5):1065-1071.

  • Giannelli M, Materassi F, Fossi T et al., 2018. Treatment of severe periodontitis with a laser and light-emitting diode (LED) procedure adjunctive to scaling and root planning: a double-blind, randomized, single-center, split-mouth clinical trial investigating its efficacy and patient-reported outcomes at 1 year. Lasers in Medical Science. 33(5):991-1002.

  • Frangez I, Nizic-Kos T, Frangez HB et al., 2018. Phototherapy with LED Shows Promising Results in Healing Chronic Wounds in Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Study. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 36(7):377-382.

  • Matys J, Jaszczak E, Flieger R et al., 2020. Effect of ozone and diode laser (635 nm) in reducing orthodontic pain in the maxillary arch- a randomized clinical controlled trial. Lasers in Medical Science. 35(2):487-496.

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  • Francisco C, Beltrame T, Ferraresi C, et al., 2015. Evaluation of acute effect of light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy on muscle deoxygenation and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics in patients with diabetes mellitus: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 15;16:572.

  • Miranda EF, Diniz WA, Gomes MVN, de Oliveira MFD et al., 2019. Acute effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) combining laser diodes, light-emitting diodes, and magnetic field in exercise capacity assessed by 6MST in patients with COPD: a crossover, randomized, and triple-blinded clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci. 34(4):711-719.

  • Leal-Junior EC, Johnson DS, Saltmarche A, Demchak T. 2014. Adjunctive use of combination of super-pulsed laser and light-emitting diodes phototherapy on nonspecific knee pain: double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci. 29(6):1839-47.

  • Langella LG, Casalechi HL, Tomazoni SS et al., 2018. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on acute pain and inflammation in patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty-a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci. 33(9):1933-1940.

  • Martins DF, Turnes BL, Cidral-Filho FJ, Bobinski F et al, 2016. Light-emitting diode therapy reduces persistent inflammatory pain: Role of interleukin 10 and antioxidant enzymes. Neuroscience. 2016 324:485-95.

  • Pinto HD, Vanin AA, Miranda EF, Tomazoni SS et al., 2016. Photobiomodulation Therapy Improves Performance and Accelerates Recovery of High-Level Rugby Players in Field Test: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study. J Strength Cond Res. 30(12):3329-3338.

  • Miranda EF, Leal-Junior EC, Marchetti PH, Dal Corso S. 2014. Acute effects of light emitting diodes therapy (LEDT) in muscle function during isometric exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci. 29(1):359-65.

  • Weiss RA, McDaniel DH, Geronemus RG, et al., 2005. Clinical experience with light-emitting diode (LED) photomodulation. Dermatol Surg. 31(9 Pt 2):1199-205.

  • Lapchak PA, Boitano PD, Butte PV, Fisher DJ, Hölscher T, Ley EJ, et al. (2015) Transcranial Near-Infrared Laser Transmission (NILT) Profiles (800 nm): Systematic Comparison in Four Common Research Species. PLoS ONE. 10(6): e0127580.

  • Miranda EF, De Oliveira LV, Antonialli FC et al., 2015. Phototherapy with combination of super-pulsed laser and light-emitting diodes is beneficial in improvement of muscular performance (strength and muscular endurance), dyspnoea, and fatigue sensation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lasers Med Sci. 30(1):437–443.

  • de Almeida P, Lopes-Martins RA, De Marchi T et al., 2012. Red (660 nm) and infrared (830 nm) low-level laser therapy in skeletal muscle fatigue in humans: what is better? Lasers Med Sci 27:453–458

  • Miranda EF, Vanin AA, Tomazoni SS et al., 2016. Using pre-exercise photobiomodulation therapy combining super-pulsed lasers and light-emitting diodes to improve performance in progressive cardiopulmonary exercise tests. J Athl Train. 51:129–135

  • Baroni BM, Leal Junior EC, Geremia JM et al., 2010. Effect of light-emitting diodes therapy (LEDT) on knee extensor muscle fatigue. Photomed Laser Surg. 28(5):653-8.

  • Bogdanova Y, Martin PI, Ho MD, et al., 2015. Improved sleep and cognition post transcranial or intranasal, red/near-infrared LED treatments in chronic TBI: pilot case series. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 30:E61–E116

  • Hamblin MR. Shining light on the head: Photobiomodulation for brain disorders. BBA Clin. 2016 Oct 1;6:113-124.

  • Langella LG, Silva PFC, Costa-Santos L, et al., 2018. Photobiomodulation versus light-emitting diode (LED) therapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorder: study protocol for a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Trials. 26;19(1):71.

  • Baek WY, Byun IH, Yun IS, Kim JY, Roh TS, Lew DH, Kim YS. The effect of light-emitting diode (590/830 nm)-based low-level laser therapy on posttraumatic edema of facial bone fracture patients. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2017 Nov;45(11):1875-1877. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.08.027. Epub 2017 Sep 2. PMID: 28986000.

  • Huang A, Nguyen JK, Jagdeo J. Light-Emitting Diode-Based Photodynamic Therapy for Photoaging, Scars, and Dyspigmentation: A Systematic Review. Dermatol Surg. 2020 Nov;46(11):1388-1394.

  • de Jesus Guirro RR, de Carvalho G, Gobbi A, de Oliveira Assunção FF et al., 2020. Measurement of Physical Parameters and Development of a Light Emitting Diodes Device for Therapeutic Use. J Med Syst. 44(4):88.

  • Goldberg DJ, Russell BA. Combination blue (415 nm) and red (633 nm) LED phototherapy in the treatment of mild to severe acne vulgaris. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2006 Jun;8(2):71-5. doi: 10.1080/14764170600735912. PMID: 16766484.

  • Perper M, Eber A, Lindsey SF, Nouri K. Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effects of Light-Emitting Diode Photomodulation on Lower Extremity Wounds Left to Heal by Secondary Intention. Dermatol Surg. 2020 May;46(5):605-611. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000002195. PMID: 31652220.

  • Mohajerani SH, Tabeie F, Bemanali M, Tabrizi R. Effect of Low-Level Laser and Light-Emitting Diode on Inferior Alveolar Nerve Recovery After Sagittal Split Osteotomy of the Mandible: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study. J Craniofac Surg. 2017 Jun;28(4):e408-e411.

  • Silveira PC, Ferreira KB, da Rocha FR, Pieri BL, Pedroso GS, De Souza CT, Nesi RT, Pinho RA. Effect of Low-Power Laser (LPL) and Light-Emitting Diode (LED) on Inflammatory Response in Burn Wound Healing. Inflammation. 2016 Aug;39(4):1395-404.

  • Frangez I, Cankar K, Ban Frangez H, Smrke DM. The effect of LED on blood microcirculation during chronic wound healing in diabetic and non-diabetic patients-a prospective, double-blind randomized study. Lasers Med Sci. 2017 May;32(4):887-894. doi: 10.1007/s10103-017-2189-7. Epub 2017 Mar 25. PMID: 28342007.

  • Rios A, He J, Glickman GN, Spears R, Schneiderman ED, Honeyman AL. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy using a light-emitting diode lamp against Enterococcus faecalis in extracted human teeth. J Endod. 2011 Jun;37(6):856-9.

  • Leal Junior EC, de Godoi V, Mancalossi JL, Rossi RP, De Marchi T, Parente M, Grosselli D, Generosi RA, Basso M, Frigo L, Tomazoni SS, Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RA. Comparison between cold water immersion therapy (CWIT) and light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) in short-term skeletal muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise in athletes--preliminary results. Lasers Med Sci. 2011 Jul;26(4):493-501.

  • Kwon HH, Lee JB, Yoon JY, Park SY, Ryu HH, Park BM, Kim YJ, Suh DH. The clinical and histological effect of home-use, combination blue-red LED phototherapy for mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris in Korean patients: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2013 May;168(5):1088-94. doi: 10.1111/bjd.12186. PMID: 23278295.

  • Ishiguro M, Ikeda K, Tomita K. Effect of near-infrared light-emitting diodes on nerve regeneration. J Orthop Sci. 2010 Mar;15(2):233-9. doi: 10.1007/s00776-009-1438-4. Epub 2010 Apr 1. PMID: 20358337.

  • Salgado AS, Zângaro RA, Parreira RB, Kerppers II. The effects of transcranial LED therapy (TCLT) on cerebral blood flow in the elderly women. Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Jan;30(1):339-46. doi: 10.1007/s10103-014-1669-2. Epub 2014 Oct 3. PMID: 25277249.

  • Elessawy HA, Borhan WH, Ghozlan NA, Nagib SH. Effect of Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation on Chronic Nonhealed Wound After Below-Knee Amputation. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2020 Apr 19:1534734620915108. doi: 10.1177/1534734620915108. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32308074.

  • Park KY, Han TY, Kim IS, Yeo IK, Kim BJ, Kim MN. The Effects of 830 nm Light-Emitting Diode Therapy on Acute Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: A Pilot Study. Ann Dermatol. 2013 May;25(2):163-7. doi: 10.5021/ad.2013.25.2.163. Epub 2013 May 10. Erratum in: Ann Dermatol. 2013 Aug;25(3):400.

  • Wang S, Wu L, Zhai Y, Li X, Li B, Zhao D, Jiang H. Noninvasive light emitting diode therapy: A novel approach for postinfarction ventricular arrhythmias and neuroimmune modulation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2019 Jul;30(7):1138-1147.

    Experimental

  • Capalonga, L., Karsten, M., Hentschke, V.S. et al. 2016. Light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) improves functional capacity in rats with heart failure. Lasers Med Sci 31, 937–944.

  • Yang, K., Khoo, B., Ong, M., Yoong, I. and Sreeramanan, S., 2020. In vitro anti-breast cancer studies of LED red light therapy through autophagy. Breast Cancer,.

  • Amorim JC, Soares BM, Alves OA et al., 2012. Phototoxic action of light emitting diode in the in vitro viability of Trichophyton rubrum. An Bras Dermatol. 87(2):250-5.

  • Wi HS, Na EY, Yun SJ, Lee JB. The antifungal effect of light emitting diode on Malassezia yeasts. J Dermatol Sci. 2012 Jul;67(1):3-8.

  • Kim WR, Bae SG, Oh TH. Photodynamic therapy of red and blue lights on Malassezia pachydermatis: an in vitro study. Pol J Vet Sci. 2018 Mar;21(1):185-191.

  • Guffey JS, Wilborn J. Effects of combined 405-nm and 880-nm light on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. Photomed Laser Surg. 2006 Dec;24(6):680-3.

  • Silva Leandro MKDN, Rocha JE, Bezerra CF, et al 2020. Modulation of antibiotic resistance by the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. in association with light-emitting diodes (LED) lights. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci.

  • Matsumoto N, Yoshikawa K, Shimada M, et al., 2014. Effect of light irradiation by light emitting diode on colon cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 34(9):4709-16.

  • Amaroli A, Ravera S, Baldini F, et al., 2019. Photobiomodulation with 808-nm diode laser light promotes wound healing of human endothelial cells through increased reactive oxygen species production stimulating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Lasers Med Sci. 34(3):495-504.

  • Capalonga L, Karsten M, Hentschke VS et al., 2016. Light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) improves functional capacity in rats with heart failure. Lasers Med Sci. 31(5):937-44.

  • Karu T. (1999): Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells. J Photochem Photobiol B, J Photochem Photobiol B: 1–17

  • Noé C, Pelletier-Aouizerate M, Cartier H. LED en dermatologie [LED lights in dermatology]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2017 Apr;144(4):301-314. French. doi: 10.1016/j.annder.2016.10.009. Epub 2017 Jan 16. PMID: 28104283.

  • Vanin AA, Verhagen E, Barboza SD, Costa LOP, Leal-Junior ECP. Photobiomodulation therapy for the improvement of muscular performance and reduction of muscular fatigue associated with exercise in healthy people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci. 2018 Jan;33(1):181-214. doi: 10.1007/s10103-017-2368-6. Epub 2017 Oct 31. PMID: 29090398.

  • Baxter GD, Bleakley C, Glasgow P, Calderhead RG

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  • system:  initial clinical experience.  Laser Therapy,

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  • Baxter GD, Bleakley C, Glasgow P, Calderhead RG

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  • system:  initial clinical experience.  Laser Therapy,

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